Introduction to circuit analysis and design
Preface:
Electrical Circuit Analysis and Design is intended for use with the early
years of a first degree course in Electrical, Electronic and Control En-
gineering, and for Higher National Diploma and Certificate courses in
Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
The main prerequisite to its use is a knowledge of the basic concepts of
electricity, magnetism and mathematics; an introduction to calculus is
more in the nature of a corequisite than aprerequisite.
The book has primarily been written for the student, and it is intended
that readers should be able to teach themselves the analytical techniques
involved. To this end, many fully worked examples are included in the
body of the text, and a large number of unworked problems (with solu-
tions) are included at the end of chapters. Throughout the book, both
'power' and 'electronic' circuit examples and problems have been included.
A 'plus' feature of the book is a chapter on the use of SPICE software
(Simulated Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) for circuit analysis.
Examples in this chapter range from resistive d.c. networks to a.c. solu-
tions and transient analysis, and illustrate the practical advantages of this
software, which is pre-eminent in the field of circuit analysis.
When writing the book, I decided that it should be written from a logical
teaching viewpoint. That is, as with a conventional course, the more
understandable parts of circuit theory are treated first, after which the less
easy but, technically, more interesting topics are covered.
Chapter 1 covers d.c. circuits and intro duces the concept of basic
elements and laws, including Kirchhoff's laws together with simple circuit
analysis, and described dependent and independent sources.
In chapter 2, we take a first look at network analysis using mesh, nodal
and loop analysis. In undergraduate and so me HND courses, the latter
usually involves a knowledge of network topology, which is also in-
troduced. Finally, an introduction to the duality between circuits having
similar mesh and nodal equations is given.
In order to understand circuit analysis fully, the reader should have a
grasp of a number of circuit theorems and this, for d.c. circuits, is provided
in chapter 3.
To move on to alternating current theory, the reader needs to under-
stand the basis of circuits containing energy storage elements, this informa-
tion being provided in chapter 4. Here we deal with capacitors, inductors
and mutual inductance. Engineers have devised the 'dot' notation to deal
with the latter, and this is fully explained in this chapter.
In chapter 5, we look at some of the many interesting aspects of
alternating current theory, including phasors and phasor diagrams, com-
plex impedance and admittance, together with series and parallel combina-
tions of elements and circuits. Also covered are power and power factor,
together with complex power. Next, in chapter 6, we apply a range of
circuit theorems to a.c. networks.
Power-based electrical engineers have a particular interest in polyphase
circuits, and this topic is comprehensively covered in chapter 7. This
chapter describes and analyses many aspects of three-phase systems,
including power measurement and symmetrical components.
Two-port networks are of great significance to electronics and tele-
communications engineers and, in chapter 8, the reader is introduced to y,
Z, hand transmission parameters, together with the relationship between
them.
In chapter 9 we meet the transformer , both 'ideal' and 'linear'. A
knowledge of these is vital to both electrical and electronic engineers
alike.
In chapter 10, we deal comprehensively with the transient analysis of
circuits. A practice in many courses is to deal with this topic using two or
sometimes three different techniques, each time covering very similar
ground! In this chapter we look, initially, at the process of solving first- and
second-order circuits by classical methods. These methods gene rally have a
number of disadvantages, which are overcome by the use of the Laplace
transform method; the latter is used throughout the remainder of the
chapter.
While the Laplace transform method has the minor drawback that we
need to spend a little time looking at the development of Laplace trans-
forms before moving on to circuit analysis, it has the great advantage that
the solution of circuits (both without and with initial conditions) becomes
relatively straightforward. This chapter covers step function (d.c.) and a.c.
analysis of first- and se co nd-order circuits, together with transients in
magnetically coupled circuits.
A feature of many electrical and electronic courses is the treatment of
the frequency response of circuits, and this is described in chapter. 11.
Additionally, an introduction to complex frequency and the s-plane is
provided and, equally importantly, the transformation of time-domain
impedance into its equivalent s-domain impedance is covered. Frequency
response is described in terms of Bode diagrams, and the method of
drawing the diagrams is outlined in a straigthforward manner for both first-
and second-order circuits.
Resonance occurs both in electronic and power circuits, and compre-
hensive coverage of series and parallel resonance is provided in chapter 12.
Additional features in this chapter include frequency scaling, selective
resonance and tuned coupled circuits.
In chapter 13 the attention of the reader is directed to harmonics and
Fourier analysis. A knowledge of Fourier analysis is vital for all engineers,
and the chapter includes such topics as waveform symmetry, line spectra,
circuit response and the effect of harmonics in a.c. systems. Also included
is a section on harmonic analysis.
In chapter 14 we meet one of the most powerful software packages
available for analysis of electrical and electronic circuits, namely SPICE
(Simulated Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis). This software,
which is both fast and versatile, is widely available both in full and in
educational versions, and can be used to solve almost any electrical
problem. The solution of a wide range of problems is included in this
chapter.
Chapter 15 is devoted to a number of mathematical 'tools' needed by
engineers and technicians, namely complex numbers, matrices, determi-
nants and partial fractions.